Psychoanalysis - Wikipedia. Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques[1] related to the study of the unconscious mind,[2] which together form a method of treatment for mental- health disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1. Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud first used the term psychoanalysis (in French) in 1. Die Traumdeutung (The Interpretation of Dreams), which Freud saw as his "most significant work", appeared in November 1. Psychoanalysis was later developed in different directions, mostly by students of Freud such as Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung,[a] and by neo- Freudians such as Erich Fromm, Karen Horney and Harry Stack Sullivan.[4] Freud retained the term psychoanalysis for his own school of thought.[5] The basic tenets of psychoanalysis include: a person's development is determined by often forgotten events in early childhood, rather than by inherited traits alone; human behaviour and cognition are largely determined by irrational drives that are rooted in the unconscious; attempts to bring those drives into awareness triggers resistance in the form of defense mechanisms, particularly repression; conflicts between conscious and unconscious material can result in mental disturbances such as neurosis, neurotic traits, anxiety and depression; unconscious material can be found in dreams and unintentional acts, including mannerisms and slips of the tongue; liberation from the effects of the unconscious is achieved by bringing this material into the conscious mind through therapeutic intervention; the "centerpiece of the psychoanalytic process" is the transference, whereby patients relive their infantile conflicts by projecting onto the analyst feelings of love, dependence and anger.[6]During psychoanalytic sessions, which typically last 5. The patient expresses his or her thoughts, including free associations, fantasies and dreams, from which the analyst infers the unconscious conflicts causing the patient's symptoms and character problems. Freud Id Ego Superego Activities DirectorⅠ. Superego, Ego and Id First and foremost, what we need to understand is the concept of Super Ego, Ego and Id that Sigmund Freud coined at first. A paper on alchemy, ego, and the psyche. Key concepts attributed to Freud appear below in alpha order. I hope that the humorous sidebars amuse rather than. The id, the ego, and the superego. Freudian psychological reality begins with the world, full of objects. Among them is a very special object, the organism. Through the analysis of these conflicts, which includes interpreting the transference and countertransference (the analyst's feelings for the patient), the analyst confronts the patient's pathological defenses to help the patient gain insight. Psychoanalysis is a controversial discipline and its validity as a science is contested. Nonetheless, it remains a strong influence within psychiatry, more so in some quarters than others.[b][c] Psychoanalytic concepts are also widely used outside the therapeutic arena, in areas such as psychoanalytic literary criticism, as well as in the analysis and deconstruction of film, fairy tales and other cultural phenomena. History[edit]The idea of psychoanalysis (German: Psychoanalyse) first started to receive serious attention under Sigmund Freud, who formulated his own theory of psychoanalysis in Vienna in the 1. Freud was a neurologist trying to find an effective treatment for patients with neurotic or hysterical symptoms. Freud realised that there were mental processes that were not conscious, whilst he was employed as a neurological consultant at the Children's Hospital, where he noticed that many aphasic children had no apparent organic cause for their symptoms. ![]() He then wrote a monograph about this subject.[1. In 1. 88. 5, Freud obtained a grant to study with Jean- Martin Charcot, a famed neurologist, at the Salpêtrière in Paris, where Freud followed the clinical presentations of Charcot, particularly in the areas of hysteria, paralyses and the anaesthesias. Charcot had introduced hypnotism as an experimental research tool and developed the photographic representation of clinical symptoms. Freud's first theory to explain hysterical symptoms was presented in Studies on Hysteria (1. Josef Breuer, which was generally seen as the birth of psychoanalysis. The work was based on Breuer's treatment of Bertha Pappenheim, referred to in case studies by the pseudonym "Anna O.", treatment which Pappenheim herself had dubbed the "talking cure". Breuer wrote that many factors that could result in such symptoms, including various types of emotional trauma, and he also credited work by others such as Pierre Janet; while Freud contended that at the root of hysterical symptoms were repressed memories of distressing occurrences, almost always having direct or indirect sexual associations.[1. Around the same time Freud attempted to develop a neuro- physiological theory of unconscious mental mechanisms, which he soon gave up. It remained unpublished in his lifetime.[1. The first occurence of the term "psychoanalysis" (written psychoanalyse) was in Freud's essay "L'hérédité et l’étiologie des névroses" which was written and published in French in 1. In 1. 89. 6 Freud also published his so- called seduction theory which proposed that the preconditions for hysterical symptoms are sexual excitations in infancy, and he claimed to have uncovered repressed memories of incidents of sexual abuse for all his current patients.[1. However, by 1. 89. Wilhelm Fliess that he no longer believed in his theory, though he did not state this publicly until 1. Though in 1. 89. 6 he had reported that his patients "had no feeling of remembering the [infantile sexual] scenes", and assured him "emphatically of their unbelief",[1. This became the received historical account until challenged by several Freud scholars in the latter part of the 2. However, building on his claims that the patients reported infantile sexual abuse experiences, Freud subsequently contended that his clinical findings in the mid- 1. Only much later did he claim the same findings as evidence for Oedipal desires.[2. International Psychoanalytic Congress. Photograph, 1. 91. Freud and Jung in the center. By 1. 90. 0, Freud had theorised that dreams had symbolic significance, and generally were specific to the dreamer. Freud formulated his second psychological theory— which hypothesises that the unconscious has or is a "primary process" consisting of symbolic and condensed thoughts, and a "secondary process" of logical, conscious thoughts. This theory was published in his 1. The Interpretation of Dreams.[2. Chapter VII was a re- working of the earlier "Project" and Freud outlined his "Topographic Theory". In this theory, which was mostly later supplanted by the Structural Theory, unacceptable sexual wishes were repressed into the "System Unconscious", unconscious due to society's condemnation of premarital sexual activity, and this repression created anxiety. This "topographic theory" is still popular in much of Europe, although it has fallen out of favour in much of North America.[2. In 1. 90. 5, Freud published Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality[2. His early formulation included the idea that because of societal restrictions, sexual wishes were repressed into an unconscious state, and that the energy of these unconscious wishes could be turned into anxiety or physical symptoms. Therefore, the early treatment techniques, including hypnotism and abreaction, were designed to make the unconscious conscious in order to relieve the pressure and the apparently resulting symptoms. In On Narcissism (1. Freud turned his attention to the subject of narcissism. Still using an energic system, Freud characterized the difference between energy directed at the self versus energy directed at others, called cathexis. By 1. 91. 7, in "Mourning and Melancholia", he suggested that certain depressions were caused by turning guilt- ridden anger on the self.[2. In 1. 91. 9 in "A Child is Being Beaten" he began to address the problems of self- destructive behavior (moral masochism) and frank sexual masochism.[2. Based on his experience with depressed and self- destructive patients, and pondering the carnage of World War I, Freud became dissatisfied with considering only oral and sexual motivations for behavior. By 1. 92. 0, Freud addressed the power of identification (with the leader and with other members) in groups as a motivation for behavior (Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego).[2. In that same year (1. Freud suggested his "dual drive" theory of sexuality and aggression in Beyond the Pleasure Principle, to try to begin to explain human destructiveness. Also, it was the first appearance of his "structural theory" consisting three new concepts id, ego, and superego.[3. Three years later, he summarised the ideas of id, ego, and superego in a book entitled, The Ego and the Id.[3.
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